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This Guidance Note focuses on the role of natural resources in triggering, escalating or sustaining violent conflict. This document focuses in particular on disputes over the degradation or depletion of natural resources. Its aim is to provide practical guidance on the role that the UN and EU can play in early warning and assessment, structural conflict prevention (long-term measures) and direct conflict prevention (short-term measures). This Note first identifies some of the challenges associated with capacity-building for natural resource management (NRM) that arise in conflict-affected and fragile states; it then focuses on the goals of NRM and capacity-building.